West Nile virus in Mexico: Why vectors matter for explaining the current absence of epidemics.

Since 2002, West Nile Virus (WNV) has been reported in 18 states in Mexico, either by PCR or serological testing. However, it is believed that the virus is present in more states. Only four states (out of 32) have reported confirmed human cases, and one state has serological evidence. In the country, WNV is present in mainly horses and birds, but its presence extends to crocodiles, felines, canines, swines, donkeys, caprines, antilopes, cattle, bats, and camelids. Positive mosquito species include Aedes and Culex spp. Different hypotheses have been proposed to explain the absence of WNV epidemics in Latin America. Since some regions of Mexico and the United States share ecological and climatic conditions, these hypotheses may not be sufficient to account for the absence of WNV outbreaks or epidemics. This paper discusses the proposed ideas and attempts to contextualize them for Mexico, particularly for the U.S.-Mexico border, where WNV infections have been reported in humans, horses, and mosquitoes. We propose that integration of urban ecology and entomology knowledge is needed to better understand the absence of WN cases in Mexico.

Arbovirus surveillance on the Mexico-USA border: West Nile virus identification in various species of field mosquitoes.

West Nile virus (WNV) has been documented in human and/or mosquito samples near the border with Mexico in El Paso, Texas, and Doña Ana County, New Mexico. However, on the Mexican side of the border, particularly in the State of Chihuahua, no such cases of WNV-infected mosquitoes have been documented. We tested 367 mosquitoes of four species (Culex quinquefasciatus, Cx. tarsalis, Aedes aegypti, and Aedes (Ochlerotatus) epactius) and found a high rate of WNV-positivity, including the first record of Ae. (Ochlerotatus) epactius infection with WNV. These results call for intensifying WNV surveillance efforts on the border between the United States and Mexico, with particular emphasis on vector control and monitoring of the species included in this study.

The Distribution of Uranotaenia sapphirina and Ur. socialis in Tabasco, Southern Mexico.

In Mexico, the genus Uranotaenia includes 11 species distributed mainly in the tropical and subtropical regions in the southeast of the country. Uranotaenia sapphirina has been reported in 18 states in Mexico: Campeche, Coahuila, Colima, Chiapas, Guerrero, Hidalgo, Jalisco, Mexico City, Mexico State, Michoacán, Morelos, Oaxaca, Quintana Roo, Sinaloa, Tabasco, Tamaulipas, Veracruz, and Yucatán; whereas Ur. socialis has been reported in Chiapas and Quintana Roo. In recent surveillance studies of mosquito species in Tabasco, Ur. sapphirina and Ur. socialis were omitted due to the lack of recent collection records, but in historical records, the presence of Ur. sapphirina and one species consistent with the description of Ur. socialis were mentioned. During a mosquito survey collection, immature stages from ground-level natural habitats in conservation areas of Tabasco, Ur. sapphirina and Ur. socialis were collected in association with Anopheles albimanus, Culex erraticus, Mansonia titillans, and Ur. lowii. Additionally, 2 Mexican entomological collections were reviewed, searching additional records of those species. An identification key to separate larvae and adult females of Ur. sapphirina and Ur. socialis is provided. With the addition of Ur. sapphirina and Ur. socialis to the mosquito fauna of Tabasco, there are currently 107 species in the state, being the 3rd state in Mexico with the highest richness of mosquito species. Specimens collected during this study were deposited in the Collection of the Entomological and Bioassay Research Unit of Tabasco.

New records of Triatoma huehuetenanguensis in an urban area of Southwest Mexico.

The recently described Triatoma huehuetenanguensis, has been reported in Mexico, Guatemala, Belize and Honduras. In Mexico, the species has been collected primarily in rural areas; it has the potential to colonize human dwellings, however, its contribution to Chagas outbreaks remains unclear. In 2021, T. huehuetenanguensis was first observed at Tuxtla Gutierrez city, Chiapas; then a collection for the species was performed. A total of 308 houses were inspected in the intra and peridomestic structures. Only 3 houses (0.97%) were infested. Triatoma huehuetenangensis was the only triatomine specie recorded and four males were collected. None of the bugs tested positive for Trypanosoma infection. We do not have evidence to suggest that urban human-vector contact still limited, and a possible domestication process is possible. The presence of reservoirs, the vector species and the parasite demonstrate that Tuxtla Gutierrez could be at risk of a Chagas disease outbreak.

First national record of Aedes melanimon (Diptera: Culicidae) in Mexico.

Aedes (Ochlerotatus) melanimon Dyar 1924 has been considered an important pest in agricultural and rural communities. Aedes melanimon is a vector of WEEV and CEV and is a competent laboratory vector of WNV. The known range of Ae. melanimon extends throughout Southwest Canada, part of Central and most of Western USA. Here we report the first record of Ae. melanimon in Mexico, at Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua. The collect represents the southernmost distributional record for this species. Its indigenous presence in a highly urbanized and dry area was not expected. A permanent surveillance program to detect and determine the species in border-crossing cities is encouraged.

COVID-19 and its impact on the control of Aedes (Stegomyia) aegypti mosquito and epidemiological surveillance of arbovirus infections.

In American countries, simultaneously with the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, epidemics caused by different arboviruses (dengue, chikungunya and Zika viruses) are occurring. In Mexico, several of the strategies to control the Aedes aegypti mosquito, which transmits arboviruses, involve the interaction of health personnel with the community. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, social distancing and home confinement measures have been implemented. To obey these measures and avoid the risk of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) transmission, the National Center for Preventive Programs and Disease Control (CENAPRECE) has presented the vector control strategy in the scenario of simultaneous dengue and COVID-19 transmission in Mexico. In this work, we mention the routine comprehensive mosquito control measures and describe the adaptations that have been made. Furthermore, we discuss the relevance of medical personnel training and supervision, especially focusing on the similarity of symptoms between both pathologies.

En países americanos, simultáneas a la pandemia de enfermedad por coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) se están dando epidemias ocasionadas por diferentes arbovirus (del dengue, chikunguña y virus del Zika). En México, varias de las estrategias para control del mosquito Aedes aegypti, transmisor de arbovirus, involucran la interacción del personal salubrista y los moradores. Debido a la pandemia de COVID-19 se han implementado medidas de distanciamiento social y resguardo domiciliario. Para respetar estas medidas y evitar riesgo de contagio por coronavirus 2 del síndrome respiratorio agudo grave (SARS-CoV-2), el Centro Nacional de Programas Preventivos y Control de Enfermedades (CENAPRECE) ha presentado la estrategia de control de vectores en el escenario de transmisión simultánea por dengue y COVID-19 en México. En este trabajo mencionamos las medidas habituales de manejo integral de mosquito y mencionamos las adaptaciones realizadas. De igual forma, discutimos la relevancia de la capacitación y la supervisión al personal médico, esto debido a la similitud entre la sintomatología entre ambas patologías.

COVID-19 y su impacto en el control del mosquito Aedes (Stegomyia) aegypti y la vigilancia epidemiológica de infecciones por arbovirus / COVID-19 and its impact on the control of Aedes (Stegomyia) aegypti mosquito and the epidemiological surveillance of arbovirus infections

Resumen En países americanos, simultáneas a la pandemia de enfermedad por coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) se están dando epidemias ocasionadas por diferentes arbovirus (del dengue, chikunguña y virus del Zika). En México, varias de las estrategias para control del mosquito Aedes aegypti, transmisor de arbovirus, involucran la interacción del personal salubrista y los moradores. Debido a la pandemia de COVID-19 se han implementado medidas de distanciamiento social y resguardo domiciliario. Para respetar estas medidas y evitar riesgo de contagio por coronavirus 2 del síndrome respiratorio agudo grave (SARS-CoV-2), el Centro Nacional de Programas Preventivos y Control de Enfermedades (CENAPRECE) ha presentado la estrategia de control de vectores en el escenario de transmisión simultánea por dengue y COVID-19 en México. En este trabajo mencionamos las medidas habituales de manejo integral de mosquito y mencionamos las adaptaciones realizadas. De igual forma, discutimos la relevancia de la capacitación y la supervisión al personal médico, esto debido a la similitud entre la sintomatología entre ambas patologías.

Abstract Countries of Latin America are dealing with a simultaneous COVID-19 and vector borne disease (VBDs, Dengue, Zika and Chikungunya) outbreaks. In Mexico, certain activities to control Aedes aegypti mosquito (the main VBDs vector) comprise community participation through the interaction between householders and vector control personnel. Preventive measures against COVID-19 include social distancing and stay-at-home strategy, to obey these policies, and reduce the risk of infection, the National Center for Preventive Programs and Disease Control of Mexico (CENAPRECE) has adapted the vector control approaches in the country. In this paper we mention routine prevention and control activities to control mosquitoes and show the adapted measures. Because, a number of symptoms of the COVID-19 and dengue fever overlap with each other, we also discuss the relevance of accurate disease surveillance and medic’s training and supervision.

Aedes aegypti, the dengue fever mosquito in Mexico City. Early invasion and its potential risks.

INTRODUCTION: Mexico City has no endemic presence of Aedes aegypti, and it is therefore free of vector-borne diseases, such as dengue fever, Zika and chikungunya. However, evidence has shown the presence of Aedes aegypti eggs in the city since 2015. OBJECTIVE: To report the constant and increasing presence of Aedes aegypti eggs in Mexico City from 2015 to 2018. METHODS: Surveillance was carried out using ovitraps. Eggs were counted and hatched in order to determine the species. RESULTS: From 2015 to 2018, 378 organisms were identified as Ae. aegypti. In total, 76 Aedes aegypti-positive ovitraps were collected at 50 different places in 11 boroughs of the city. Northeastern Mexico City was the area with the highest number of positive traps. CONCLUSIONS: The results may be indicating a period of early colonization and the probable existence of cryptic colonies of the mosquito; Mexico City could be at risk of experiencing vector-borne epidemics.

INTRODUCCIÓN: La Ciudad de México no tiene presencia endémica de Aedes aegypti, por lo que está libre de enfermedades transmitidas por vector como dengue, Zika y chikunguña. Sin embargo, existe evidencia de la presencia de huevecillos en la urbe desde 2015. OBJETIVO: Reportar la presencia constante y en aumento de huevecillos de Aedes aegypti en la Ciudad de México de 2015 a 2018. MÉTODO: Se realizó vigilancia a través de ovitrampas; se contabilizaron y eclosionaron huevecillos para determinar la especie. RESULTADOS: De 2015 a 2018 fueron identificados 378 organismos como Aedes aegypti. En total fueron colectadas 76 ovitrampas positivas a Aedes aegypti en 50 sitios distintos de 11 alcaldías. El noreste de la Ciudad de México fue el área con mayor positividad. CONCLUSIONES: Los resultados pueden estar indicando un periodo de colonización incipiente y la probable la existencia de colonias crípticas del mosquito, por lo que la Ciudad de México podría estar en riesgo de presentar epidemias de enfermedades transmitidas por vector.

El mosquito del dengue en la Ciudad de México. Invasión incipiente de Aedes aegypti y sus potenciales riesgos / Aedes aegypti, the dengue fever mosquito in Mexico City. Early invasion and its potential risks

Resumen Introducción: La Ciudad de México no tiene presencia endémica de Aedes aegypti, por lo que está libre de enfermedades transmitidas por vector como dengue, Zika y chikunguña. Sin embargo, existe evidencia de la presencia de huevecillos en la urbe desde 2015. Objetivo: Reportar la presencia constante y en aumento de huevecillos de Aedes aegypti en la Ciudad de México de 2015 a 2018. Método: Se realizó vigilancia a través de ovitrampas; se contabilizaron y eclosionaron huevecillos para determinar la especie. Resultados: De 2015 a 2018 fueron identificados 378 organismos como Aedes aegypti. En total fueron colectadas 76 ovitrampas positivas a Aedes aegypti en 50 sitios distintos de 11 alcaldías. El noreste de la Ciudad de México fue el área con mayor positividad. Conclusiones: Los resultados pueden estar indicando un periodo de colonización incipiente y la probable la existencia de colonias crípticas del mosquito, por lo que la Ciudad de México podría estar en riesgo de presentar epidemias de enfermedades transmitidas por vector.

Abstract Introduction: Mexico City has no endemic presence of Aedes aegypti, and it is therefore free of vector-borne diseases, such as dengue fever, Zika and chikungunya. However, evidence has shown the presence of Aedes aegypti eggs in the city since 2015. Objective: To report the constant and increasing presence of Aedes aegypti eggs in Mexico City from 2015 to 2018. Methods: Surveillance was carried out using ovitraps. Eggs were counted and hatched in order to determine the species. Results: From 2015 to 2018, 378 organisms were identified as Ae. aegypti. In total, 76 Aedes aegypti-positive ovitraps were collected at 50 different places in 11 boroughs of the city. Northeastern Mexico City was the area with the highest number of positive traps. Conclusions: The results may be indicating a period of early colonization and the probable existence of cryptic colonies of the mosquito, and Mexico City could be therefore at risk of experiencing vector-borne epidemics.

First Record of Mansonia dyari in the State of Morelos, Mexico, Based on Morphology and COI DNA Barcoding.

Collections of mosquitoes were conducted for the surveillance of species of medical importance in the state of Morelos, Mexico, in June 2017. Species collected included Mansonia (Mansonia) dyari, which was identified using morphological characters and cytochrome c oxidase I DNA barcoding. Although 3 species of genus Mansonia have been previously reported in Mexico, this is the 1st confirmed record of Ma. dyari in Morelos State, where no Mansonia species had been recorded. Historical records of Ma. dyari and Ma. indubitans in Mexico were reviewed. Therefore, this record increases the number of mosquito species occurring in Morelos to 46. The specimens collected in this study were deposited in the Culicidae collection of the Universidad Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro, Unidad Laguna.

Experimental infection and vector competence of Zika virus in Aedes aegypti mosquitoes from Acapulco, Guerrero, Mexico.

OBJECTIVE: To gain a better understanding of the Zika virus (ZIKV) vector transmission in Mexico, we determined the vector competence of a local population of Ae. aegypti (Acapulco, Guerrero) for a strain of ZIKV isolated from a Mexican febrile patient. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Eggs were hatched and larvae were reared under controlled conditions. After five days post-emergence, female mosquitoes were fed an infectious blood-meal containing ZIKV. Mosquitoes were analyzed at 4, 7 and 14-day post-infection (dpi). Infection (gut), dissemination (wings, legs and heads) and potential transmission (salivary glands) were assessed by RT-qPCR. The Rockefeller Ae. aegypti strain was used as ZIKV infection control. RESULTS: ZIKV infection, dissemination, and potential transmission rates were 96.2, 96.1 and 93.2%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Ae. aegypti (F1) from Acapulco were very susceptible to ZIKV infection, and showed similar vector competence to that of the susceptible Rockefeller strain. To our knowledge, this is the first report of vector competence for ZIKV performed in a Mexican laboratory.

OBJETIVO: Determinar la competencia vectorial de una población local de Ae. aegypti para transmitir el virus Zika (ZIKV) aislado de un paciente febril mexicano. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Se desarrolló la primera generación (F1) de mosquitos Ae. aegypti en el insectario a partir de huevos colectados mediante ovitrampas en la Colonia Renacimiento, Acapulco, Guerrero. Después de cinco días de la emergencia, los mosquitos hembras fueron alimentados con sangre infecciosa con ZIKV. La infección (intestino), la diseminación (alas, piernas y cabezas) y la transmisión potencial (glándulas salivales) se evaluaron mediante RT-qPCR, a los 4, 7 y 14 días después de la alimentación. RESULTADOS: La infección por ZIKV, la diseminación y las tasas potenciales de transmisión fueron de 96.2, 96.1 y 93.2%, respectivamente. CONCLUSIONES: Los mosquitos Ae. aegypti (F1) de Acapulco presentan una alta competencia vectorial (93.2%). Según los autores de este estudio, este es el primer informe de competencia vectorial para ZIKV realizado en un laboratorio mexicano.

Experimental infection and vector competence of Zika virus in Aedes aegypti mosquitoes from Acapulco, Guerrero, Mexico / Infección experimental y competencia vectorial del virus Zika en mosquitos Aedes aegypti de Acapulco, Guerrero, México

Abstract: Objective: To gain a better understanding of the Zika virus (ZIKV) vector transmission in Mexico, we determined the vector competence of a local population ofAe. aegypti(Acapulco, Guerrero) for a strain of ZIKV isolated from a Mexican febrile patient. Materials and methods: Eggs were hatched and larvae were reared under controlled conditions. After five days post-emergence, female mosquitoes were fed an infectious blood-meal containing ZIKV. Mosquitoes were analyzed at 4, 7 and 14-day post-infection (dpi). Infection (gut), dissemination (wings, legs and heads) and potential transmission (salivary glands) were assessed by RT-qPCR. The RockefellerAe. aegyptistrain was used as ZIKV infection control. Results: ZIKV infection, dissemination, and potential transmission rates were 96.2, 96.1 and 93.2%, respectively. Conclusions: Ae. aegypti(F1) from Acapulco were very susceptible to ZIKV infection, and showed similar vector competence to that of the susceptible Rockefeller strain. To our knowledge, this is the first report of vector competence for ZIKV performed in a Mexican laboratory.

Resumen: Objetivo: Determinar la competencia vectorial de una población local deAe. aegyptipara transmitir el virus Zika (ZIKV) aislado de un paciente febril mexicano. Material y métodos: Se desarrolló la primera generación (F1) de mosquitosAe. aegyptien el insectario a partir de huevos colectados mediante ovitrampas en la Colonia Renacimiento, Acapulco, Guerrero. Después de cinco días de la emergencia, los mosquitos hembras fueron alimentados con sangre infecciosa con ZIKV. La infección (intestino), la diseminación (alas, piernas y cabezas) y la transmisión potencial (glándulas salivales) se evaluaron mediante RT-qPCR, a los 4, 7 y 14 días después de la alimentación. Resultados: La infección por ZIKV, la diseminación y las tasas potenciales de transmisión fueron de 96.2, 96.1 y 93.2%, respectivamente. Conclusiones: Los mosquitos Ae. aegypti (F1) de Acapulco presentan una alta competencia vectorial (93.2%). Según los autores de este estudio, este es el primer informe de competencia vectorial para ZIKV realizado en un laboratorio mexicano.

Vector competence of Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus from the metropolitan area of Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico for Zika virus.

Zika virus (ZIKV) is a mosquito-borne pathogen discovered in the late 40's in Uganda during a surveillance program for yellow fever. By 2014 the virus reached Eastern Island in the Americas, and two years later, the virus spread to almost all countries and territories of the Americas. The mosquito Aedes aegypti has been identified as the main vector of the disease, and several researchers have also studied the vector competence of Culex quinquefasciatus in virus transmission. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the vector competence of Ae. aegypti and Cx. quinquefasciatus in order to understand their roles in the transmission of ZIKV in Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico. In blood feeding laboratry experiments, we found that Ae. aegypti mosquitoes showed to be a competent vector able to transmit ZIKV in this area. On the other hand, we found that F0 Cx. quinquefasciatus mosquitoes are refractory to ZIKV infection, dissemination and transmission.

First Record of Psorophora ferox In Durango State, Mexico.

During August-November of 2018, mosquito collections were conducted with the intention of monitoring the presence of arboviruses in Durango State, Mexico. Species collected included Psorophora (Janthinosoma) ferox. In Mexico, 24 species of the genus Psorophora have been previously reported, whereas in the state of Durango, only 2 species have been reported: Psorophora (Grabhamia) columbiae and Ps. (Gra.) signipennis. This is the 1st record of Ps. ferox and the subgenus Janthinosoma in Durango. With the addition of Ps. ferox to the list of mosquito species found in Durango, the number of mosquito species occurring in the state stands at 31.

First Record of Aedes gabriel in Hidalgo State, Mexico.

Aedesgabriel is one of the rare species endemic in Mexico. This species was originally described from specimens collected in the state of Morelos in 1970; however, very few occurrence records have been published since. During an ovitrap survey of mosquitoes in 2018, eggs of Ae. gabriel were collected for the 1st time in the state of Hidalgo, Mexico. Aedes gabriel appears to have become common and the species is frequently found in ovitraps, and often confused with other common species of Aedes, such as Ae. epactius, Ae. podographicus, Ae. aegypti, and Ae. albopictus. Females of Ae. gabriel are highly anthropophagous and persistent biters in wild habits during the rainy season. Although the medical importance of Ae. gabriel is unknown, its biting habitats and increasing abundance indicate that the potential importance of this species should not be neglected by the public health officials of Mexico.

Distribución de Aedes albopictus (Skuse 1895) en Tabasco, México durante 2015-2018 / Distribution of Aedes albopictus (Skuse 1895) in Tabasco México from 2015 to 2018 / Distribuição de Aedes albopictus (Skuse 1895) em Tabasco México 2015-2018 / Répartition d'Aedes albopictus (Skuse 1895) á Tabasco au Mexique de 2015 à 2018

Resumen: Objetivo: Determinar la distribución de Aedes albopictus (Skuse 1895) en Tabasco México 2015-2018. Material y métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo observacional transversal con un componente cuantitativo, durante enero de 2015 a julio 2018 se enviaron al laboratorio estatal de salud pública un total de 4,090 muestras de larvas de mosquitos de Aedes sp. para identificación taxonómica proveniente de los 17 municipios de Tabasco con 38 localidades prioritarias, las cuales fueron colectadas del sistema de monitoreo estatal de vigilancia entomológica con ovitrampas. Resultados: 3,882 (94.91%) corresponden a Aedes aegypti y 208 (5.08%) a Aedes albopictus. La distribución de Aedes albopictus se identificó en 9 municipios que representa 52.94% de los municipios afectados con presencia del vector y 44.74% de localidades muestreadas positivas en el estado de Tabasco. Conclusiones: Con el presente estudio se logró determinar la presencia y distribución de Aedes albopictus, cuya dispersión en el estado se encuentra en progreso ya que podría colonizar los 17 municipios que componen el estado por las características de clima y vegetación, lo que plantea nuevos retos en salud pública en cuanto a la prevención y control de los arbovirus.

Abstract: Objective: To identify the distribution of Aedes albopictus (Skuse 1895) in Tabasco Mexico from 2015 to 2018. Material and Method: A cross-sectional observational descriptive study with a quantitative component was carried out. During January 2015 to July 2018, a total of 4,090 samples of Aedes sp. mosquito larvae were sent to the state public health laboratory for taxonomic identification from the 17 municipalities of Tabasco with 38 priority localities, which were collected from the state monitoring system of entomological surveillance with ovitraps. Results: Of the samples collected, 3,882 (94.91%) corresponded to Aedes aegypti and 208 (5.08%) to Aedes albopictus. The distribution of Aedes albopictus was identified in 9 municipalities representing 52.94% of affected municipalities with the presence of the vector and corresponds to 44.74% of localities sampled positive in the state of Tabasco. Conclusions: In this study it was determined the presence and distribution of Aedes albopictus, its dispersion in the state is in progress since it could colonize the 17 municipalities of the state. Due to the climate and vegetation characteristics, which poses new challenges in public health in terms of the prevention and control of arboviruses.

Resumo: Objetivo: Analisar indicadores de saúde, com base nos resultados obtidos pelas unidades de saúde no Chile, durante o período 2010-2014. Materiais e métodos: Um estudo descritivo é realizado e múltiplas correspondências são aplicadas. São utilizados 75 indicadores básicos de saúde publicados pelo Ministério da Saúde, indicadores demográficos, estatísticas vitais, riscos para a saúde e acesso aos cuidados. Cada indicador foi atribuído um resultado esperado e comparado com o resultado real obtido, por região e país. Resultados: Os indicadores de risco para a saúde foram caracterizados principalmente porque, em 50% ou mais das regiões analisadas, obtiveram resultado semelhante ao esperado. Diferentemente dos indicadores estatísticos vitais, onde 49% e menos das regiões tiveram resultado semelhante ao esperado no mesmo período. Ao mesmo tempo, os indicadores demográficos foram associados an um resultado esperado positivo e, ao contrário, os indicadores de acesso ao atendimento foram associados an um resultado esperado negativo no período analisado. Conclusão: Devido ao impacto na população, qualquer indicador de gestão em saúde deve ser considerado pelos gestores das redes de saúde para orientar as estratégias a serem implementadas nos estabelecimentos que compõem as redes públicas de saúde.

Résumé : Objectif: Analyser les indicateurs de santé sur la base des résultats obtenus par les établissements de santé au Chili durant la période 2010-2014. Matériel et méthodes: L'étude est descriptive et inclut de plus l''analyse des correspondances multiples en utilisant 75 indicateurs sanitaires de base publiés par le Ministére de la Santé: indicateurs démographiques, statistiques de l'état civil, risques pour la santé et accés aux soins. Un résultat attendu a été attribué á chaque indicateur et comparé au résultat réel obtenu, par région et par pays. Résultats: Les indicateurs de risques pour la santé se sont caractérisés principalement par le fait qu'ils ont obtenu un résultat similaire á celui attendu dans 50% ou plus des régions analysées. Par contre, les indicateurs de statistiques de l'état civil ont donné, pour la meme période, un résultat similaire á celui attendu dans 49% ou moins des régions. Dans le meme temps, les indicateurs démographiques se sont associés á un résultat attendu positif et, au contraire, les indicateurs d'accés aux soins se sont associés á un résultat attendu négatif pour la période analysée. Conclusions: En raison de l'impact sur la population, tout indicateur de gestion de la santé devrait etre pris en compte par les gestionnaires de réseaux de santé afin d'orienter les stratégies á mettre en reuvre dans les établissements constituant les réseaux de soins de santé publique.

Efecto de diferentes fuentes de alimentación sanguínea sobre Aedes aegypti (Díptera: Culicidae) en condiciones de insectario / Effect of different sources of blood feeding on Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) under insectary conditions / Efeito de diferentes fontes de alimentação sanguínea em Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) sob condições de insetários / Effet de différentes sources d'alimentation en sang sur Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) dans des conditions insectaires

Resumen Objetivo: Evaluar el efecto de tres fuentes de alimentación sanguínea: conejo Nueva Zelanda, rata egipcia y humana, sobre el número de huevos colocados por ovipuesta y porcentaje de eclosión de las larvas Aedes aegypti en condiciones de insectario. Material y Métodos: Grupo de mosquitos hembra Aedes aegypti con 1 día post-emergencia fueron alimentadas en condiciones de insectario con tres diferentes fuentes sanguíneas. Los grupos alimentados con conejo Nueva Zelanda y rata egipcia se expusieron de forma directa dentro de las jaulas de emergencia con los mosquitos; y en los grupos de mosquitos alimentados con la fuente sanguínea humana se utilizó una membrana artificial de algodón. Los datos fueron analizados con una prueba no paramétrica de Kruskal-wallis (p ≤ 0.05). Resultados: Se observó una diferencia estadísticamente significativa en el promedio de huevos colocados entre los tres grupos de hembras Aedes aegypti alimentados con diferentes fuentes sanguíneas: sangre de rata, 671.25 huevos; sangre humana, 268.14 huevos y sangre de conejo, 209.08 huevos (X2= 10.666, P < 0.0048); el porcentaje de larvas eclosionadas no presentó diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre las tres fuentes sanguíneas (X2= 0.192, p < 0.9083). Conclusiones: En este estudió se observó que el uso de sangre de rata egipcia como fuente de alimentación sanguínea para la producción de mosquitos Aedes aegypti en condiciones de insectario produce un mayor número de huevos en la ovipostura comparado con la sangre de conejo y de humano.

Abstract Objetive: To evaluate the effect of three sources of blood feeding: New Zealand rabbit, Egyptian rat and human, on the number of eggs laid and percentage of Aedes aegypti larvae hatching under insectary conditions. Materials and methods: To evaluate the effect of three sources of blood feeding: New Zealand rabbit, Egyptian rat and human, on the number of eggs laid and percentage of Aedes aegypti larvae hatching under insectary conditions. Results: A statistical significant difference was observed in the average of eggs placed between the three pools of Aedes aegypti females fed different blood sources: rat blood, 671.25 eggs; human blood, 268.14 eggs and rabbit blood, 209.08 eggs (X2= 10.666, P <0.0048); the percentage of hatched larvae did not present statistically significant differences between the three blood sources (X2 = 0.192, p <0.9083). Conclusions: In this study we observed that the use of Egyptian rat blood as a source for blood feeding for the production of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes under insectary conditions produced a greater number of eggs in the oviposition when compared to rabbit and human blood.

Resumo Objetivo: Avaliar o efeito de três fontes de alimentação sanguínea: coelho Nova Zelândia, rato egípcio e humano sobre o número de ovos colocados por oviposição e a porcentagem de eclosão de larvas de Aedes aegypti, em insetários. Materiais e métodos: Grupo de mosquitos fêmeas de Aedes aegypti com 1 dia pós-emergência foram alimentados em insetários com três diferentes fontes sanguíneas. Nos grupos de mosquitos alimentados com sangue de coelhos Nova Zelândia e de rato egípcio, as fontes foram expostas aos mosquitos, de forma direta, em gaiolas de emergência; e nos grupos de mosquitos alimentados com sangue humano, utilizou-se uma membrana artificial de algodão. Os dados foram analisados com teste não paramétrico de Kruskal-wallis (p ≤ 0,05). Resultados: Observou-se diferença significativa na média dos ovos colocados entre os três grupos de fêmeas de Aedes aegypti alimentados com diferentes fontes sanguíneas: sangue de ratos, 671,25 ovos; sangue humano, 268,14 ovos e sangue de coelho, 209,08 ovos (X2=10,666, P <0,0048); a porcentagem de larvas eclodidas não apresentou diferença estatisticamente significante entre as três fontes sanguíneas (X2= 0,192, P <0,9033). Conclusão: Neste estudo observou-se que o uso de sangue de rato egípcio como fonte de sangue ou alimento para a produção de mosquitos Aedes aegypti, em insetários, produz maior número de ovos na oviposição em relação ao sangue de coelhos e humanos.

Résumé Objectif: Pour évaluer l'effet de trois sources d'approvisionnement en sang: Nouvelle-Zélande lapin, homme égyptien et rat sur le nombre d'œufs pondus par ponte des œufs et le pourcentage éclosion des larves d'Aedes aegypti capables de Insectarium. Matériel et méthodes: Groupe moustiques Aedes aegypti femelle 1 jour post-émergence ont été nourris dans des conditions insectarium avec trois différentes sources de sang. Des groupes nourris aux lapins de Nouvelle-Zélande et aux rats égyptiens ont été exposés directement dans des cages d'urgence avec des moustiques; et une membrane de coton artificiel a été utilisée dans les groupes de moustiques nourris avec la source de sang humain. Les données ont été analysées avec un test de Kruskal-wallis non paramétrique (p ≤ 0,05). Résultats: Une différence statistiquement significative a été observée dans le nombre moyen d'oeufs placés entre les trois groupes d'Aedes aegypti femelles nourris différentes sources de sang de sang de rat, les œufs 671.25; sang humain, 268,14 œufs et sang de lapin, 209,08 œufs (X2= 10,666, P <0,0048); le pourcentage de larves hachurées ne présentait pas de différences statistiquement significatives entre les trois sources de sang (X2= 0,192, p <0,9083). Conclusions: Dans ce étudié a été observé que l'utilisation du sang chez le rat égyptien comme source de sang pour la production de moustiques Aedes aegypti dans l'insectarium produit plus d'oeufs par épisode de la posture de l'œuf, par rapport au sang de lapin et humain.

Natural Vertical Transmission of Zika Virus in Larval Aedes aegypti Populations, Morelos, Mexico.

We characterized natural vertical transmission of Zika virus in pools of Aedes aegypti larvae hatched from eggs collected in Jojutla, Morelos, Mexico. Of the 151 pools analyzed, 17 tested positive for Zika virus RNA; infectious Zika virus was successfully isolated from 1 of the larvae pools (31N) in C6/36 cells. Real-time quantitative PCR and indirect immunofluorescence assays confirmed the identity of the isolate, named Zika virus isolate 31N; plaque assays in Vero cells demonstrated the isolate's infectivity in a mammalian cell line. We obtained the complete genome of Zika virus isolate 31N by next-generation sequencing and identified 3 single-nucleotide variants specific to Zika virus isolate 31N using the meta-CATS tool. These results demonstrate the occurrence of natural vertical transmission of Zika virus in wild Ae. aegypti mosquitoes and suggest that this transmission mode could aid in the spread and maintenance of Zika virus in nature.